About Nobel Prize and 2024 Nobel Prize Winner and their Works - for all Competitive and Entrance Exam

About Nobel Prize and 2024 Nobel Prize Winner and their Works - for all Competitive and Entrance Exam

About the Nobel Prize

Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist, established the Nobel Prizes in his will of 1895 to honor individuals and organizations that “have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”  Administered by various Swedish institutions—such as the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Academy—these awards have been presented annually since 1901 in six categories: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.  Recipients receive a gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award (approximately 11 million Swedish kronor in 2024), underscoring the prestige associated with these honors. 

Nobel Prize 2024 Laureates and Their Contributions

Physics

John J. Hopfield (United States) and Geoffrey Hinton (United Kingdom / Canada) were jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural  Their pioneering work in the 1980s and 1990s combined principles from statistical physics with computational models, laying the groundwork for today’s deep learning applications—ranging from image recognition to natural language processing. 

Chemistry

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was shared by David Baker (United States), Demis Hassabis (United Kingdom), and John M. Jumper (United States). They were honored “for computational protein design” and “for protein structure prediction,” respectively, recognizing breakthroughs in employing artificial intelligence to understand and engineer proteins.

• David Baker spearheaded the Rosetta computational framework, enabling the design of novel proteins with applications in therapeutics, nanotechnology, and environmental remediation. 

• Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper, through Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold project, developed algorithms that can predict a protein’s three-dimensional structure from its amino acid sequence with unprecedented accuracy—addressing a decades-old challenge in molecular biology. 

Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 was awarded jointly to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun “for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.”  Their groundbreaking work began in the late 1980s with studies in Caenorhabditis elegans, demonstrating that short RNA molecules (microRNAs) are crucial for regulating gene expression across multicellular organisms. These discoveries have transformed our understanding of genetic control mechanisms, with implications for developmental biology, oncology, and therapeutic interventions targeting gene regulation.

Literature

Han Kang (South Korea) received the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature “for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.” Han’s novels and essays—most notably The Vegetarian and Human Acts—explore themes of violence, memory, and individual agency in the context of Korea’s turbulent modern history.  She is the first South Korean author to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, reflecting the global reach and resonance of her work. 

Peace

The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, a Japanese organization founded in 1956 comprising survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The citation reads “for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again.” By sharing firsthand accounts of nuclear devastation, Nihon Hidankyo fosters public awareness and drives advocacy toward disarmament—symbolizing the enduring human cost of nuclear warfare. 

Economic Sciences

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024 was jointly awarded to Daron Acemoglu (United States / Turkey), Simon Johnson (United States), and James A. Robinson (United States / United Kingdom). They were honored “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.”  Their influential body of work—spanning empirical analysis, historical case studies, and theoretical modeling—demonstrates that inclusive political and economic institutions (e.g., constraints on executive power, property rights protection) foster sustainable economic growth, while extractive institutions (e.g., elite capture, lack of accountability) impede development. These insights have shaped academic discourse and policy debates on governance, inequality, and international development.  

Stay tuned to this site for updates on Nobel Prize-related events, nominee information, and commentary from experts on how these groundbreaking contributions continue to shape research, policy, and culture worldwide.